Criminal appeal in Italy

Avv. Massimo Romano · updated 18/08/2026

Criminal appeal in Italy is decided by the provision below, by how the facts are qualified, and by what is done in the first weeks. Sentence, criminal record and right of residence follow from that. We answer on your own facts, at any hour, and you need not be in Italy.

What this page covers

< p>Whether Criminal appeal in Italy ends in a conviction, and with what sentence, depends on how the facts are qualified and on decisions taken in the first weeks — long before any trial.

The provision that applies depends on how the conduct is qualified, which is itself often the point in dispute.

The questions that decide the outcome

What is actually happening
Your options
What to do now
How this differs from the US and the UK

What people ask us about this

Can I appeal a conviction in Italy?
How long do I have to appeal in Italy?
Can I appeal from abroad?

We answer on the facts of your own case, not in the abstract. Call +39 335 669 3954 or write on WhatsApp. The first contact is free and confidential, we answer at any hour, and you do not need to be in Italy.

Your rights

Italian law guarantees specific rights from the moment of first contact with the authorities. These apply regardless of nationality.

Right to silence (diritto al silenzio). You are not obliged to answer questions. Anything said can and will be used. Silence cannot be held against you.
Right to a lawyer. You can appoint a trusted lawyer (avvocato di fiducia) at any moment. If you do not, the authorities assign a duty lawyer (avvocato d'ufficio), which is not the same as having a chosen specialist.
Right to an interpreter. If you do not speak Italian, you have the right to a qualified court interpreter at every stage, free of charge. This is a right, not a courtesy.
Right to notification of charges. The investigating authority must inform you of what you are suspected of (avviso di garanzia) before questioning you as a suspect.
Right to consular notification. As a foreign national, you can ask for your consulate to be notified. This is optional and the decision is yours.

Warning: Do not wait: the first 48 hours are decisive.

The Italian criminal justice system

Italy has a civil-law accusatorial criminal procedure (Codice di procedura penale, 1989). The investigating magistrate (Pubblico Ministero) leads the investigation; the Giudice per le indagini preliminari (GIP) supervises coercive measures and rights. Key stages:

Indagini preliminari — Preliminary investigation. Duration varies by offence seriousness (6 months to 2 years, extendable). The suspect is indagato, not formally accused.
Udienza preliminare — Preliminary hearing. The GUP decides whether to commit the accused to trial or dismiss the case.
Dibattimento — Trial. Oral, adversarial procedure before the relevant court. Evidence is examined in open court.
Impugnazioni — Appeals. Two levels: Court of Appeal (Corte d'Appello) on fact and law; Court of Cassation on law only.

Important: Italian pre-trial detention (custodia cautelare) is decided by a judge, not automatically following arrest. The detention hearing (convalida) must occur within 96 hours of arrest. Without a lawyer present, this hearing is far harder to defend.

Defence strategy

An effective defence in Italy is not built at trial — it is built in the weeks immediately after the first contact with the authorities. The choices made in that window define what is still possible later.

Qualification of the conduct. How the facts are legally characterized often determines the applicable sentence range. The difference between a more and a less serious charge can mean the difference between pre-trial detention and immediate release.
Alternative procedures. Italian procedure offers alternatives to full trial: patteggiamento (plea bargain, up to one-third sentence reduction), rito abbreviato (abbreviated trial on the file, one-third mandatory reduction), and messa alla prova (community service-based suspension, for minor offences). These must be chosen at the right stage.
Precautionary measures. If the client is detained, the priority is challenging the measure before the Tribunal del Riesame (within 10 days of the order) and, if unsuccessful, before the Court of Cassation. Each stage has strict deadlines.
Mitigating circumstances. Artt. 62, 62-bis c.p. allow the judge to reduce the sentence substantially — up to one-third below the minimum — based on factors including first offence, partial repair of harm, and reduced culpability. Documenting these requires early preparation.

The first consultation is free and confidential. Call +39 335 669 3954 or write on WhatsApp. First contact free, 24/7, no need to be in Italy.

How we can help

Avv. Massimo Romano, Italian criminal defence lawyer assists clients in Italy and in cross-border cases from three offices: Naples (main seat), Rome, and Milan. The studio is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Emergency assistance. Immediate intervention at the police station or detention facility. The telephone is always answered, including nights and public holidays.
Remote assistance. All stages of Italian criminal procedure can be followed from abroad. Briefings, document exchanges, and case updates take place by telephone, email, and encrypted messaging. You do not need to travel to Italy for every hearing.
Family of a detained person. If a relative or friend has been arrested in Italy, the studio can locate the detainee, verify the charges, attend the validation hearing, and provide a full situation report — usually within hours of first contact.
Cross-border cases. European Arrest Warrant, extradition, Interpol Red Notice, mutual legal assistance, and the transfer of foreign-convicted prisoners to serve their sentence at home: all require immediate specialist intervention.

Call +39 335 669 3954 or write on WhatsApp. First contact free, 24/7, no need to be in Italy.

Frequently asked questions

How does the appeal system work in Italy?

Italian criminal appeals operate on two levels. The Court of Appeal (Corte d'Appello) reviews both fact and law; it can acquit, convict, increase or reduce the sentence. The Court of Cassation (Corte di Cassazione) reviews law only: it can annul the decision and refer back for a new decision or, in limited cases, directly acquit. Final judgments after Cassation create the giudicato (res judicata).

Can I appeal an Italian conviction from abroad?

Yes. Appeals can be filed through a lawyer appointed abroad by email and written authorisation. Physical presence is not required for the appeal hearing. The defence lawyer files the grounds of appeal (motivi di appello) within 30 days of the judgment's grounds being filed (not from the date of the oral judgment). This deadline is strict and cannot be extended.

What is the time limit to appeal in Italy?

The appeal (appello) must be filed within 15 days of the oral pronouncement of judgment for those present, and within 30 days for those absent. The full reasons for the judgment are published separately (usually 30–90 days after oral pronouncement). Specific appeal grounds are filed within 30 days of that publication. The Cassation appeal follows within 30 days of the Court of Appeal's judgment deposit.

What happens if I was convicted in Italy in absentia?

If you were tried in absentia (in contumacia under the old code, or assente under the new one), and you were not properly notified of the trial, you have the right to seek rescission of the judgment (rescissione del giudicato, art. 629-bis c.p.p.). This allows the trial to be reopened. Strict conditions apply: the defendant must show they had no knowledge of the trial and could not have found out in time.

First steps to take